PROJECT ON MINI FLOUR MILL

Flour Mill Project

There are 812 roller flour mills in our  country producing  approximate 25 million tonnes,  of
milled cereal products worth Rs. 1200 crores. Flour Mills can be installed with minimum capacity of 30
TPD  of raw material crushing  capacity per day to maximum 1000 TPD.  The capacity  suggested in this
report is for mini flour mill i.e. 30 tonnes  of raw  material crushing capacity per day.  As per CII mckinsey
survey it is estimated that by 2005 the market for branded Atta has grown to Rs. 15000 crore.

B. MARKET POTENTIAL

Whole wheat flour is used  in making Chapaties, Puries, Parotha and other
roasted cereal based products. Wheat flour or Maida is a basic raw material for making
Bread, Biscuits Cakes and other bakery products.  Sooji / Rava is used in many
sweetmeat products. Bran separated on milling is used as cattle feed. The products
sold under brand names are very few. The concept for branded cereal flour products is
now increasing. The big giants like Hindustan Lever, NEPC Agro, Nirma etc. have
jumped in to this lucrative industry.

C. BASIS AND PRESUMPTIONS
1. It is presumed that the unit will run three  shift per day and 300  working days per
annum.
2. The following extraction rates are presumed :
Maida  50 %
Sooji    12 %
Atta      20 %
Bran     18 %
Extraction rates are only suggested. Miller can change according to demand,
Wheat quality & climatic conditions.
3. Labour wages have been taken as per mar

Different varieties of wheat may be blended for producing desired end product.
5. The rate of interest has been taken 14% on an average both for fixed investment
and working capital.
6. The rates quoted in respect of Machinery/equipment raw materials are those
prevailing at the time of preparation of report and are likely to vary from place to
place and supplier to supplier and necessary changes are to be made as and
when required.

FINANCIAL ASPECTS.

1. Land  & Building

Land – 2000 sq. mtr. @ Rs. 350/- per sq. mtr. 7,00,000/-4
Built up area for the plant and Machinery including,Storage binns for wheat conditioning up with 3 stories
(ground +2) having 36” height, 750 sq. mtrs. @ Rs. 1500/ sq. mtr.,  11,25,000/-
150 sq. mtr. other construction for office, laboratory etc. @ 1500/- sq. mtr. 2,25,000/-

Total cost of Land  & Building Rs.     20,50,000/-

2. Machinery & Equipments.

1. Single bucket elevator without belt and bucket 7 Nos.@44,000/-  3,08,000/-
2. Reel machine (3 segment) 1Nos@ 34,500/- 34,500/-
3. Rotory seperator with aspiration channel 2 Nos@ 96,000/- 1,92,000/-
4. Scourer machine with aspiration channel 2 Nos@ 68,000/- 1,36,000/-
5. Intensive dampner 1nos@ 45,000/- 45,000/-
6. Rotometer 1 Nos@ 20,000/- 20,000/-
7. De-Stoner without fan & cyclone 1Nos@ 70,000/- 70,000/-
8. Indent cylinder 1nos@ 99,000/- 99,000/-
9. Screw conveyour 7 m 1500/m, 4.5 m 1500/m 40,000/-
10. Dust cyclone with airseal dia 1120 2Nos@ 19,000/- 38,000/-
11. Dust cyclone with airseal dia  960 3Nos@ 18,000/- 54,000/-
12. L.P. Fan for Ist Cleaning  1 Nos@ 28,000/- 28,000/-
13. L.P. Fan for Main Cleaning  1Nos@ 22,000/- 22,000/-
14. L.P. Fan for DE  stoner  1Nos@ 22,000/- 22,000/-
15. L.P. Fan for final Cleaning  1Nos.@ 24,000/- 24,000/-
16. Magnets 6”*12” 4Nos@ 2,000/- 8,000/-
17. Silogate  10 1Nos@,650/- 16,500/-

MILLING SECTION

18. Roller Mill body 3nos.@ 120,000/- 3,60,000/-
19. Rolls dia 250 * 1000 mm (Indian) 6nos.@  35,000/- 2,10,000/-
20. Roll Grooving & spindle cutting  6 set@ 3200/- set 19,200/-
21. Plansifter 8 feed /16 sec. 1Nos.@ 1,70,000/- 1,70,000/-
22. Purifier 1Nos.@ 55,000/- 55,000/-
23. Bran – finisher 1Nos.@ 19,000/- 19,000/-
24. Pneumatic lifts  14 set@ 17,500/- 2,45,000/-5
25. Tripple worm 8 mt. Each 3 set@ 1,800/- m 5,400/-
26. L.P. Fanpurifier 1Nos.@ 28,000/- 28,000/-
27. Dust cyclone dia 1120 1Nos.@ 19,500/- 19,5 00/-
28. H.P. Fan 1Nos.@ 49,000/- 49,000/-
29. Supper cyclone 2 set @ 27,500/- 55,000/-
30. Bolting cloth lot 66,000/- 66,000/-
31. Misc. accessories such as inspection,cover & joint range etc.1Nos.@ 14,000/-
32. Electrical motors 6,00,000/-
33. Electric pannel board fitted with starter main switches, cables, cable fittings, volts and AMP meters,  AC.B  capacitors etc. 4,50,000/-
34. Reduction gears standard make 1,60,000/-
35. V-Groove, Pulleys, Couplings, V-Belts etc. 66,000/-
36. Errection Material such as angle, Channel Sheet, Iron etc. 4,00,000/-
37. Tools and other equipment required during Errection 80,000/-
38. Consumable items such as Nut, Bolt, Gas, and Welding Rods, Namda, Fevicol etc. 38,000/-
39. Weighing scale 4 Nos.  40,000/-
40. Errection and Consultancy charges.  2,50,000/-

Grand Total    Rs.  45,93,900
CST @ 2% along with  C form  91,254
Office  furniture and equipments 50,000/-

Total Rs.    47,03,954
Say Rs. 47,04,000

3) Pre – Operative Expenses. = 1,00,000/-
Total Fixed Capital     (1 + 2 + 3 ) = 68,54,0006

4) Working Capital ( Per  Month).

i) Personnel:
S.No. Designation. No. Salary, (PM) Total (Rs.)
1. Miller–cum-Chemist. 1Nos@ 10,000/- 10,000/-
2. Plant Foreman 1Nos.@ 7000/- 7,000/-
3. Electrician 1Nos.@ 5000/- 5000/-
4. Operator  3Nos.@ 4000/- 12,000/-
5. Un-Skilled Workers. 10Nos.@ 2500/- 25,000/-
6. Accountant 1Nos.@ 6000/- 6000/-
7. Clerk / Store keeper 2Nos.@ 4000/- 4000/-
8. Sales Supervisor 1Nos.@ 6000/- 6000/-
9. Peon 1Nos.@ 2500/- 2500/-
10. Security Personal 1nos.@ 2500/- 2500/-

Total    : 84,000
Add Pre-requisites @ 10% of salary. 8,400
Total    : 92,400

ii) Raw Material. (Per Month).

1. Wheat blended of different category 750 MT @ Rs.1100/-ton 82,50,000
2. Gunny Bags 8200 No. @ Rs. 15/- each. 1,23,000

Total Rs.  83,73,000

iii) Utilities (Per Month) ;-        
 
1 Power  :  300 HP x .746 x 24 X 25 x 80% = 107424 KWH @ Rs. 5.25 per unit.5,63,976
2 Water  3000 litres  per day (from bore well)

IV) Other Contingent Expenses (P.M.) (In Rupees.)
1. Postage and Stationery. 1,000/-
2. Telephone Charges 1,000/-
3. Consumable Stores 2,000/-
4. Repair & Maintenance. 2,000/-
5. Advertisement & publicity. 3,000/-
6. Transport Charges. 60,,000/-
7. Other Miscellaneous Expenses.  1,000/-

Total  70,000/-7

v.) Working Capital   (Per Month): Rs. 90,99,376
vi) Working capital for 2 months. Rs. 1,81,98,752/-

5) Total Capital Investment.
i. Fixed Capital. 68,54,000
Ii. Working capital for 2 Months 1,81,98,752,250

Total Rs. 2,50,52,752

(G) FINANCIAL ANALYSIS.
1. Cost of Production (per year).
           (Rupees.)
1. Total recurring cost per year. 10,91,92,512
2. Depreciation on building @ 5% per annum. 67,500
3. Depreciation on machinery @ 10% p.a. 4,45,400
4. Depreciation on furniture and others fixed asset  @ 20% 10,000/-
5. Interest on total investment @ 14% per annum 35,07,385/-

Total  Rs. 11,32,22,797

2. Turnover (per year).

Maida  4500 MT @ Rs. 14,500 / MT 6,52,50,000
Sooji    1080 MT @ Rs. 14,500 / MT 1,56,60,000
Atta      1800 MT @ Rs. 13,500 / MT 2,43,00,000/-
Bran     1620 MT @ Rs. 9,500 / MT 1,53,90,000/-

Total Rs. 12,06,00,000

3 Net Profit per year (before Income tax)( Figures in Rs. Lac.)
Profit    =  Sale  - Production Cost.= 12,06,00,000   -   11,32,22,797 = 73,77,203

4. Net Profit Ratio =   Net Profit   x    100

Turn over per year
              =   73,77,203   x  100  =   6.12%
                         12,06,00,000
5. Rate of return
       =   Net Profit x   100 8
            Total Investment
       =   73,77,203    X 100
                 2,50,52,752
       =   29.45 %

6. Break Even Point.
Fixed Cost (per year). (RUPEES.)
1. Depreciation on machinery @ 10% p.a 4,45,400
2. Depreciation on furniture & other fixed assets.  10,000
3. Interest on total investment. 35,07,385
4. 40% of salary & wages. 4,43,520
5. 40% of other expenses. 3,36,000
6. 40 % of utilities. 9,02,362

Total Fixed Cost. 53,08,667

BEP  =  Fixed Cost  x 100                  
    Fixed cost  + Profit
=  5308667 x 100
    53,08,667 + 73,77,203
=  41.85%




PROJECT PROFILE ON MINI FLOUR MILL

WHEAT MAIN TRADING CENTER IN WORLD

World Major trading center

Wheat is a cereal grain that belongs to the grass family of the genus ‘Triticum’. A dry, one seeded fruit named kernel is obtained from this spiky grass like grain, which is ground to make flour and is consumed throughout the world as one of the most important staple food. It is the second largest cereal grain consumed on earth and that is why it is widely cultivated in more than 30000 varieties.

Wheat is important especially for making breads and other bakery products as it has got the maximum number of glutens as compared to any other grain. This crop is also grown as a forage crop for the livestock. 

Wheat is a very important edible cereal grain crop. As already mentioned, it is the second largest grain crop consumed after rice. The cultivation of wheat has its own advantages like it has a very good yield per unit area, has a relatively short growing duration period and the production of wheat is comparatively easier than the other grain crops as it grows well in the temperate regions. That is why it serves as a very good cash crop and proves its dominance in the world commerce. Gluten, which is a primary constituent in raised bread, is found in wheat and that is why most of the bakery products are made from wheat only.

The major trading centers throughout the globe where wheat is traded are

• Chicago (CBOT)
• Canada (Winnipeg Commodity Exchange)
• Kansas (Kansas City Board of Trade)
• Missouri
• Japan
• Australia
• Bulgaria (Sofia Commodity Exchange)
• China

WHEAT MARKET OF INDIA

Indian Wheat Market

India is the third largest producer of the wheat crop. It has been successfully fulfilling its large domestic consumption demand in the past few years and has been exporting the surpluses to give the major exporters of the world a good competition. India produces an average of 75 million tons wheat each year but the production of this crop is generally fluctuating due to the uncertainty of the rainfall. The state of Uttar Pradesh leads the production in the country. For self-consumption purposes, the farmers retain around 48% of their production and hence it is not entered into the total production figures of the country.

Indian wheat is generally medium hard bread wheat. It is a staple food of this country. That is why almost all of the wheat produced is consumed. India holds the third position in the major wheat consumer’s list after European Union and China consuming around 72 million tons of wheat. The demand-supply flows with in the country are largely interfered by the government of the country so as to make sure that the grain supplies be stable and prices do not get affected.

With the introduction of the new technologies in the agricultural sector, there has been a constant increase in the productivity of wheat produced and hence there has been a growth in the surplus level of the country and consequently a rising trend in the wheat export. World market sees a dependable supplier of wheat in the form of India. The major exporters of the world namely US and Australia have lost their share in the world’s export with the coming of India in the exporting scenario. The export figures of India in 2003-04 were 5 million tons. The major importers of Indian wheat are the southeastern Asian countries and the gulf countries. India was an importer of wheat in the 90s as it the domestic demand was too high but now this situation has been overcame and overturned.

Market influencing factors:

• Weather conditions
• Government policies and regulations
• Prices fluctuations of the competitive and substitute products
• Season of harvesting and peak season
• Technological improvements
• Crop size
• World demand for wheat

Major trading center in India:

• Amritsar (Punjab)
• Moga (Punjab)
• Ludhiana (Punjab)
• Jalandhar (Punjab)
• Bhatinda (Punjab)
• Meerut (Uttar Pradesh)
• Hathras (Uttar Pradesh)
• Saharanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
• Barreily (Uttar Pradesh)

 Indian commodity exchanges :

 National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange ltd

Multi Commodity Exchange of India ltd

National Multi Commodity Exchange of India ltd 

Chamber Of Commerce, Hapur 

SCENARIO OF WORLD WHEAT PRODUCTION

World Wheat production Scenario 

Wheat was one of the first crops that were cultivated in the world thanks to its adaptability to wider range of climatic conditions and soils making it a very easy to produce crop in that time when man didn’t even know the basics of living. Wheat requires a cooler weather and a good level of moisture in the early plantation period and once the grain is formed, it needs a warmer weather to dry up. That is why the best-suited climate needed for the wheat crop to prosper is the temperate climate.

In USA, the wheat seeds are sown in the months of September and October. After February, when the snow in those areas starts to melt, the wheat crop starts to shoot up and during summers it is left to develop and finally it is harvested in the months of June, July and September. In India, wheat is cultivated as a Rabi crop and it is planted in the month of October. It is harvested in the months April and May

The world production of wheat sums up to over 585 million tons annually. As mentioned above, the production of wheat is slightly concentrated in the hands of a few countries as the top four producers of the world contribute around 60% of the world’s total production. The production-wise list of the major producers of wheat is given below

• European Union
• China
• India
• United States of America
• Russia
• Canada
• Australia
• Pakistan
• Turkey
• Argentina
• Iran
• Kazakhstan

The largest producer of wheat in the world is European Union that contributes to around 1/4th share to the world’s total production. As it is said that the demand of wheat increases with the increase in population, the nations having the largest population in the world i.e. China and India stand at the 2nd and 3rd position in the largest wheat producing nations’ list in order to satisfy the domestic consumption demand. These two countries contribute 14 % and 12% respectively in the world’s total production. India has shown a high rise in production of wheat after the green revolution and taken a lead from USA in recent times.

Wheat is produced on approximately 2.5 million square kilometers of the world. The maximum area in the total cultivated area of wheat is constituted by India at around 13%. The other major countries that have a significant impact on the total area contributed for wheat production are

• European Union
• Russia
• China
• USA
• Australia
• Canada
• Kazakhstan

WORLD SCENARIO OF WHEAT

Wheat Production consumption and Import scenario

Wheat is a cereal grain that belongs to the grass family of the genus ‘Triticum’. A dry, one seeded fruit named kernel is obtained from this spiky grass like grain, which is ground to make flour and is consumed throughout the world as one of the most important staple food. It is the second largest cereal grain consumed on earth and that is why it is widely cultivated in more than 30000 varieties.

Wheat is important especially for making breads and other bakery products as it has got the maximum number of glutens as compared to any other grain. This crop is also grown as a forage crop for the livestock. 

Wheat is a very important edible cereal grain crop. As already mentioned, it is the second largest grain crop consumed after rice. The cultivation of wheat has its own advantages like it has a very good yield per unit area, has a relatively short growing duration period and the production of wheat is comparatively easier than the other grain crops as it grows well in the temperate regions. That is why it serves as a very good cash crop and proves its dominance in the world commerce. Gluten, which is a primary constituent in raised bread, is found in wheat and that is why most of the bakery products are made from wheat only.

The world production of wheat figures over 585 million tons annually. The largest producer of wheat in the world is the European Union followed by China, India and United States of America. The total wheat production of the world is slightly concentrated is clear from the fact that these four producers contribute to around 60% of the total production. The consumption of wheat in the world is a huge 580 million tons but is successfully kept satisfied with an equally high production figures. Consumption has been constantly increasing during the last 10 years with the increase in population, and alarmingly, the consumption is prepared to shoot up further and is expected to reach up to 775 million tons in 2020. Wheat is consumed all through the globe and the leading countries in this list are

• European Union
• China
• India
• Russia
• United States of America
• Pakistan

The above list makes it clear that the largest producers of wheat in the world are also the largest consumers of the world, which means, most of the wheat production is consumed at the place of production. The export market of wheat is getting competitive with the new entrants like India into it and the export figures hover around 200 million tons. The major exporting countries of this crop are: -

• United States of America
• Australia
• Canada
• European Union
• Argentina

The imports of wheat are done by the countries, which have a high domestic demand and a fluctuating production level. That is why the countries shuffle in the list of highest wheat importing countries. The world import figures sum up to 100 million tons and are currently done by more than 100 countries. The major countries are

• European Union
• China
• Egypt
• Japan
• Brazil
• Mexico
• Indonesia
• Algeria
• Philippines
• Iraq

WHEAT SCENARIO IN INDIA

Wheat cultivation and production in India

According to the archeological evidences, some species of wheat grew as a wild grass in the Middle East areas of Syria, Israel, Jordan, Turkey and Iraq. With the shortages of food, wheat was domesticated and cultivated 11000 thousand years ago. In fact, it was one the first crops cultivated ever. This was only due to the cultivation of this crop that people came to know how to produce their own food and in turn started to settle than wander around.

In around 6700 BC, Swiss people came to know the use of wheat in flat cakes. Egyptians were the first one to develop the concept of yeast bread and even the workers who were indulged in the construction of pyramids were paid in bread! Wheat now started gaining popularity and the concept of wheat farming spread and reached Ireland, Ethiopia, Spain and India. In 150 BC bakeries were largely set up to produce bread in Rome.

The British took wheat to the new world as the climate and soil of England was not suitable for the wheat production. With time, wheat became so significant as a staple food crop, that now; the demand of wheat is directly proportional to the population level.

Wheat was one of the first crops that were cultivated in the world thanks to its adaptability to wider range of climatic conditions and soils making it a very easy to produce crop in that time when man didn’t even know the basics of living. Wheat requires a cooler weather and a good level of moisture in the early plantation period and once the grain is formed, it needs a warmer weather to dry up. That is why the best-suited climate needed for the wheat crop to prosper is the temperate climate.

In USA, the wheat seeds are sown in the months of September and October. After February, when the snow in those areas starts to melt, the wheat crop starts to shoot up and during summers it is left to develop and finally it is harvested in the months of June, July and September. In India, wheat is cultivated as a Rabi crop and it is planted in the month of October. It is harvested in the months April and May

The following areas in India are the major wheat producing areas in the country and contribute to around 92% of the total production in the country

• Uttar Pradesh
• Haryana
• Punjab
• Rajasthan
• Madhya Pradesh
• Gujarat
• Bihar

India produces around 75 million tons of wheat every year and stands at the third position in the list of the major wheat producers in the world. India also stands at the top in the world in terms of area covered in production of wheat. Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer state in India followed by Punjab and Haryana. Wheat occupies a major share of 35% production in the total production of crops cultivated and 65% of total cropped area in the country. This share in production and area covered of the crop has increased since independence and is also constantly rising. The yield of wheat in kilograms per hectare has also risen significantly from 522 kg/ha in 1950/51 to 1620kg/ha in 1998/99

COMMERCIAL USES OF WHEAT IN INDIA

Commercial uses of Wheat:

Wheat  is used to make Atta (Bread flour), Maida (All purpose flour) Dalia (cracked wheat), Sooji (Semolina)

Wheat has been used in India for over 5,000 years. Wheat today is not the wheat grown up to 1970s. The wheat has gone through major evolution. First major change occurred during 1960s. when existing species was changed to 'Sharbat Sonora' dwarf species. Later on Durum was introduced. Today there are two basic varieties of wheat produced in India to make Atta: Durum (Triticum durum Desf.) and Aestivum (Triticum Aestivum L). Aestivum is a semi hard wheat compared to hard Durum. In India, about 90% of Atta is made from Gehun. Durum is also called Semolina.Durum is harder than any variety of Gehun.

Wheat market mainly exist in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, producing 80% of wheat. The prominent and active market was established in 1913, Chamber of commerce of Hapur.Changing scenario of electronic market, future trading offer in MCX, NCDX, NMCE etc.

Wheat

The wheat is categorized by it's hardness. Durum is the hardest. Gluten gives the dough its elasticity ('Loach') and ability for yeast to work efficiently. Harder the wheat, higher is its protein content, and potential to produce gluten. For discussion, we will just categorize wheat as Soft, or Hard and Durum .
 

Structure of wheat grain

After, the husk is removed, the wheat grain is revealed. It has three layers. The outermost layer (the skin of the grain) is called 'Bran' and represents about 15% of the grain, followed by 'Endosperm' representing 82.5% an then the inner most called 'Germ' representing 2.5%. Technically, The bran consists of two layers, but we will just call it bran.Bran is basically fiber, endosperm is starch, and germ is the protein

Wheat Classes

In India Hard red, Hard white,  and Durum are used to make Atta. Soft white is used to make Maida and Pastry flour. The hard wheat classes are really semi-hard in comparison to Durum.

Production of Wheat as per Uses:

Bread, Pastries, Cereals, Cakes & Cookies :

Type of Wheat : Emmer Wheat

Area of Cultivation :Maharastra, Tamil Nadu & Karnataka

Varieties : Dara, Kalyan, Mexican, sharbati, 147 –Avg, lok-1

Macaroni, Suji, Pasta :

Type of Wheat : T.Durham (Desi Wheat)

Area of Cultivation : Punjab, M.P., H.P., W.B.,T.N.,  & Karnataka

Bread:

Type of Wheat : T. Astivum

Area of Cultivation : Punjab, U.P., Bihar  & Rajasthan

Varieties : Dara, Kalyan, Mexican, sharbati, 147 –Avg, lok-1

Milling

Household Chakki

The bottom disk was stationary, the top disk is rotated to ground the wheat. The top disk has a hole to feed the wheat. As the top disk is rotated, it scrapes the wheat spreading it out to the outer edge. The scraping surface of both the stones is corrugated. The top disk sits on a spindle located on the bottom disk. The different length spindles are used to determine the coarseness of the output. The output is sifted to obtain different varieties of the product.

Chakki Milling/Stone Milling

Chakki milling in India is almost same as Stone milling in the western world. The basic principal of Stone milling is same as the Household Chakki milling. There are enhancements like automatic control of the spindles to adjust space between the disks. The process results in 15% to 17% starch damage and no loss of Ash.

Roller Milling

There are three sets of rollers, each consisting of two rollers and associated sifters. The first set of rollers has corrugated surface, one moving faster than the other causing the brown skin (bran) of the wheat grain to be sheared away. The out put is than sifted. After the bran has been removed, the output is passed through two more sets of rollers and sifters  to separate germ and finally producing flour. Normally, this results in 5% to 6% damage to the starch and loss of Ash.
In India, the corrugated surface of the first set of rollers is designed to actually crack the wheat grain and NOT just shear it. This technique results in comparable starch damage of 11% to 13% comparable  the Chakki milling and Ash to 1% needed to make Atta.

Flour Classes

There are two basic classes.

Wholemeal flour Whole-Grain Whole-wheat

Wholemeal is also called Whole-grain or Whole-wheat. This represents an extraction of 94% to 98% of the wheat grain. Minimum amount (2% to 6%) is sifted away as bran.

White flour

75% of the wheat grain is extracted. Most of the bran and the germ are sifted away leaving mostly the endosperm. This results in a loss of  22 vitamins/minerals, and dietary fiber.

Flour Varieties

Main differences in gluten level, strength, ash,

All-purpose flour

A blend of high-gluten hard wheat, and low-gluten soft wheat.un-bleached/bleached, Bromated, pre-sifted (milled to finer texture)

Atta

Atta is made from Aestivum or Durum.  Milling process (cracking) results in high starch damage suitable for water absorption to make dough. The milling process also minimizes loss of Ash.

Bread flour

A blend of high-gluten hard wheat varieties optimized for using yeast Un-bleached

White flour made from hard wheat, slightly coarser than All-purpose flour.

Cake flour

White flour made from soft wheat and finer texture than the All-purpose flour. Lowest amount of Gluten. High starch, 6 to 8% protein. Bleached. Bleaching toughen protein to support large level of sugar without collapsing

Dalia

Dalia a cracked whole wheat berries. The wheat may be soft, hard or a blend of both.

Pastry flour

White flour made from a blend of soft and hard wheat (more soft wheat) similar in texture to the cake flour. Higher gluten than cake flour, but lower gluten than All Purpose flour. 8 to 10% protein. Un-bleached

Whole-Wheat Pastry Flour

Made with soft-wheat. This is coarser than cake flour, finer than bread flours, or Atta.

Un-bleached Whole-wheat Pastry flour is the best substitute for Maida

Maida

Wholemeal flour made from soft wheat similar in texture to cake flour. In reality, it resembles more to the Pastry flour being a Wholemeal flour (higher protein).

Farina/Cream of wheat

Granular product made from endosperm of any wheat other than the Durum. comparable to Sooji.

Rava

Rava is a Wholemeal granular product grittier than Sooji or Semolina. It is made from Gehun or Durum

Semolina

Granular (similar to Farina) product made from endosperm of Durum only.

Sooji

Wholemeal granular (similar to Semolina)  product made from Gehun or Durum.

Durum flour

White flour made from Durum same texture as the All purpose flour.

Self-rising flour

All-purpose flour. The salt, and leavening agents such as baking soda or baking powder, and acid-releasing agents are sifted in the final stage.

Stone ground Whole Wheat flour

Wholemeal flour made from a blend of soft and hard wheat.

Whole wheat flour

Since the roller-milling sifts out the bran and the germ, for whole wheat flour, they are added back in to the All-purpose flour.

For further detail visit on www.univision.net.in