RICE PRODUCTION IN INDIA

Rice production in Indian States

Rice is the world's most adaptive Agiculture crop. It can be grown in desert, slash and burn forests, 3000-meter high mountains, 3 meters below sea level and 8 feet of flood water 

 Rice is an important crop and consumed widely across the globe as a staple food. India is among the leading rice producers in the world and stand at 2nd position in the world

India is one of the world's largest producers of white rice and brown rice, accounting for 20% of all world rice production. Rice is India's pre-eminent crop, and is the staple food of the people of the eastern and southern parts of the country. Production increased from 53.6 million tons in FY 1980 to 74.6 million tons in year 1990, a 39 percent increase over the decade. By year 1992, rice production had reached 181.9 kg, second in the world only to China with its 182 kg.Since 1950 the increase has been more than 350 percent. Most of this increase was the result of an increase in yields; the number of hectares increased only 0 percent during this period. Yields increased from 1,336 kilograms per hectare in FY 1980 to 1,751 kilograms per hectare in FY 1990. The per-hectare yield increased more than 262 percent between 1950 and 1992.

The country's rice production had declined to 89.14 million tonnes in 2009-10 crop year (July–June) from record 99.18 million tonnes in the previous year due to severe drought that affected almost half of the country. India could achieve a record rice production of 100 million tonnes in 2010-11 crop year on the back of better monsoon this year. The India's rice production reached to a record high of 104.32 million tonnes in 2011-2012 crop year (July–June).

Rice is one of the chief grains of India. Moreover, this country has the largest area under rice cultivation, as it is one of the principal food crops. It is in fact the dominant crop of the country. India is one of the leading producers of this crop. Rice is the basic food crop and being a tropical plant, it flourishes comfortably in hot and humid climate. Rice is mainly grown in rain fed areas that receive heavy annual rainfall. That is why it is fundamentally a kharif crop in India. It demands temperature of around 25 degree Celsius and above and rainfall of more than 100 cm. Rice is also grown through irrigation in those areas that receives comparatively less rainfall. Rice is the staple food of eastern and southern parts of India. In 2009-10, total rice production in India amounted to 89.13 million tonnes, which was much less than production of previous year, 99.18 million tonnes.2006-07 to 2013-14 raised rice production from 93.36 million to 106.65 million tonnes.

 Rice is grown widely across the nation in more than 20 states and in an area of over 400 Lakh Hectares. Out of these states, top 10 rice producing states account for more than 80% of total rice production in India. In india around 150 varieties of rice grown.

West Bengal is the leader among all rice producing states with more than 13% contribution in India’s Rice Production. In terms of yield, Tamil Nadu stands on top with yields of more than 3,900 Kilograms per hectare.

Top 10 Largest Rice Producing States in India:

More than  53.99% (Total Production 106.6 Million Tonnes out of seven states contributes 57.5 Million Tonnes) of Rice Producues in following Seven states of India in Fy 13-14.

West Bangal—15.37 MT

UP- 14.63 MT 

Odissa- 7.61 MT 

JHARKHAND- 2.81 MT 

Chhattishgarh—6.71 MT

Bihar----- 5.50 MT 

Assam----  4.92 MT    

Rice production in MY 2016-17 is likely to be up from 104 million tons in 2015-16 to 106 million tons due to more than average rainfall and normal area coverage in Kharif as well in Rabi rice. On the Exports front, Some expects rice exports in MY 2016-17, to increase by around 3% from 2015-16 and reach 10.5 million tons due to the expectation of lifting of rice import ban from Iran and also import duty cut by Iran and Sri-Lanka, which may increase in rice export and also by strengthening of rupees support the rice export. Domestic consumption is likely to increase by 0.2% to 97.5 million tons in 2015-16 to 97.8 million tons in MY-2016-17. Ending stocks are seen falling proudly over the last two-three years and this would be a major reason for firming in price for second quarter. Also if chances of El- Niño occur as predicted by several metrological departments, impact on paddy sowing/planting or yield could be hurtful for coming years and this would remain the rice price firm for coming months.

All India milled rice production in FY-2016-17 is expected to hover between 106-106.5 million tons as per first estimate. This year there is excess rainfall in most of the paddy growing states. On the other hand paddy acreage is also supportive of higher production, as of 29 July 2016, higher paddy acreage is reported from states like, A.P, Punjab, M.P, Karnataka, and Telangana. AW expects pan India milled rice production to go up to 106.63 million tons, if rainfall is more than 5% and the production will touch 107 million tons if rainfall is above 10% or more, which will be all time high for India.

In FY 17-18 Sowing area 81.93 Lacs hectare

India’s rice stocks in the central pool as on March- 1, 2017 stood at around 31.43 million tons down by about 7.72% from around 34.06 million tons recorded during the corresponding period last year, according to data from the Food Corporation of India (FCI). India's rice stocks in the central pool are up about 7.30% from around 29.29 million tons recorded on February-01, 2016. The current rice stocks are about one million tons more than the required strategic reserve norms of around 1.25 million tons for this time of the year, according to the FCI

 The rice equivalent of paddy procurement from farmers, which began officially for the 2016-17 marketing season on October 1, has crossed 30 million tonne (mt) till date, which is 6.68% more than the purchase during corresponding period last year. States such as Punjab, Haryana and Chhattisgarh, where procurement has been completed for the season, have reported purchase by the agencies more than last year. This is mainly because of normal monsoon rains and direct transfer of the minimum support price (MSP) to bank accounts of farmers. Last year procurement exceeded its target and this year too we expect government to achieve target which would ensure sufficient rice stocks in the central pool.

INDIA BASMATI RICE REQUIRED FOLLOWING STANDARD QUALITY FOR EXPORT

RICE SOWING AND HARVESTING TIME TABLE IN INDIAN STATES WISE

PROJECT REPORT ON COLD STORAGE OF 10 MT (10000 Kg)

PROJECT REPORT OF COOL CHAMBER 10 MT

 INTRODUCTION

 India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world scenario but the availability of fruits and vegetables per capita is significantly low because of Post Harvest loses which account for about 25% to 30% of production. Further, the quality of sizeable quantity of produces also deteriorates the moment it reaches the consumer. This happens because of perishable nature of the products. If consumption is not getting stabilized, the farmers switch over to other crops instead of going for one crop in the subsequent year, and cycle continues. Our farmers continue to remain poor even though they take risk to cultivate high value fruits and vegetables year after year. Introduction of Cold storage / Cold room facility will help them in removing the risk of distress sale and simultaneously will ensure better returns. The annual production of fruits and vegetables in the country accounts for 18 to 20% of our agriculture out put. Varied agro climatic conditions and better availability of scientific package of practices, there is a vast scope for increasing the production. The lack of cold storage / cold room facilities is one of the main bottlenecks in tapping the potential. The cold storages, which are available in the States, are mostly to store single commodity like potato, which results in poor capacity utilization. Introduction of cold storage/cold chain facilities in the State can prove to be a boon for the horticulture farmers.

 REQUIREMENT OF COOLING SYSTEM : 

In India 45 percent population depend on Agriculture. Upliftment of those categories can improve the overall status of the State. Comparing the developed States of our country, the economic condition of farmers of our State is miserable. The economic condition of most of the people is poor out of the total farmers about 47 to 48 percent of people cultivate cabbage, beans, onion, sweet potato , Brinjal, pea etc which has a very limited period . Similarly the fruits have also limited life after harvest. Post Harvest cooling rapidly removes field heat, reduces respiratory - activity, reduce internal water, wilting, slow the growth of micro organism and reduces the production of natural ripening agent i.e. ethylene. Post Harvest cooling also provides marketing flexibility by allowing the grower to sell produce at the most appropriate time. Unavailability cooling and storage facilities makes it necessary to market the produce immediately after harvest and may result un distress sale. This can be an advantageous to growers who supply products restaurants and grocery stores or to small growers who wait to assemble truck load for transportation to other place. Post Harvest cooling can be an effective tool to deliver highest qualitative produce to the consumer. Intervention through Post Harvest cooling will help the farmers to store their produces and market them at the opportune time.

 NECESSITY OF COLD CHAIN:

 The financial condition of the farmers does not permit to establish a cold storage having capacity of 5000 MT which is meant to store 50,000 quintals of the products in the cold storage which require crores of Rupees to establish it. The concept of cold room 3 is to store vegetables, fruits and flowers for shorter duration for which a small and marginal farmer can store products for shorter period and sell it without deterioration of the product. Farmers will also get appropriate value of the product. It will reduce the distress sale. The farmers can establish cold rooms having 10 MT capacity where the storing of surplus quantities may vary from 100 quintals . Since the investment of such cold room is low a farmer can easily establish a cold room to store his surplus products..

 CONCEPT OF THE POJECT

Objective of the Scheme:

(i)            To establish the small capacity of cool chamber / cold room in vegetable mandi / markets or in the field of farmers growing vegetables/fruits.

(ii)          To store the surplus amount of vegetables in daily market for selling the products later.

(iii)         To reduce the distress sale of the vegetables in the market.

(iv) To develop the cold chain facility in the concerned area

(iv)         To augment in case of farmers/small beneficiaries.

Strategy:

To fulfill the above objectives, following strategy will be adopted.

i)             Most appropriate system will be provided to reduce the distress sale of vegetables.

ii)            Farmers will get profit by selling the vegetables in the market in subsequent days.

iii)           Capacity building of farmers and field functionaries will be taken up through training and demonstrations with active participation of refrigerated company.

iv)           Information and communication technology will be deployed extensively for ensuring transparency in the implementation process and effective monitoring of the scheme.

Capacity utilization

The capacity utilization in cold storage for fruits and vegetables is generally about 70% which is due to short storage life of the produce and availability of produce for storage throughout the year. Generally cold storage operates for 300 days in a year. The cold storage space of the proposed project shall be primarily used for storing fruits and vegetables for short duration storage of around 1-4 weeks. Such cold storage facility would enable them for bargain for a better price of their produce at the bi-weekly /weekly wholesale markets.

INCOME:

Income can be generated from cold rooms in the manner as follows:

(A ) Income of the project shall be by the way of rent paid by hirers of cold storage space on a daily charge basis. It is proposed that space rent shall be Rs.0.30 p per Kg per day.

(b) Income of the project shall be by way of procurement and trading of vegetables and fruits.

(c) Income of the project can be made by both the above way i.e. by way of 50% by own trading and 50% by rent basis.

Loading & Unloading:

Loading of commodities in the cold chamber and subsequent unloading from cold chambers shall be by contract labourers, the charges for which will be realized from the hirers of space.

Salary & wages:

One operator can operate the cold room who can be paid an amount of Rs.5,000/- per month.

 Chamber size:

Size of the chamber will be of 14’-0”x10”-0”x10-0” for 10 MT capacity cool chambers. The storage racks shall be made of M.S. channels and angles.

Insulation

60 mm thick PUF panel shall be provided for insulating the cold room walls and ceiling. 80 mm EPS slab, PCC & KOTA stone will be provided for floor insulation. For strengthening the insulation, chicken wire most will be provided with it.

Cooling Unit:

R-22/ R 404A refrigerant will be used for the cooling unit. Room temperature of 2 0C to 60 C will be maintained inside the chamber. The ambient temperature will be 400 C. The total refrigerant capacity will be 30,000 BTU/hr for 10MT capacity cool chamber

Power Supply:

Electric load will be 5.9 KW for 10 MT. Power supply will be 230 Volt/3Ph/50 HZ.

Electrical Work:

Electrical work shall include main power distribution switch board, feeder switches for cooling units, capacitors, power distribution cables, electric lighting, earthling of equipment.

Stand by Generator:

 Provision has to be made for stand by Generator set to meet the power requirement during load-shedding/power cuts. The generator shall have out starting device to start it in case of failure of electric supply.

METHODS OF STORAGE FOR FRUITS & VEGETABLES 

Refrigeration (cold store) –

The ideal environmental condition for storage of fresh fruits and vegetables is the lowest temperature which does not cause chilling injury to the product. Hence, temperature control in cold storage is very important. In mechanical refrigeration, the refrigerated Gas (e.g. Ammonia, Freon etc.) takes out the heat from the chamber/store as it expands. The expanded gas is then compressed and the heat removed from the compressed gas by means of running water or circulation air over the tubes containing the hot gas. The gas is liquefied and the cycle is repeated. With such system accurate temperature control is maintained. Specification of Cool Chamber/Cold Room The storage life of fruits and vegetables even at low temperatures in general varies between 2 to 4 weeks excepting for a few commodities like apples, oranges, potatoes, cabbage etc. In case of cold room Long term storage is not envisaged and duration of storage is likely to be 1 to 4 weeks. 5 

Pattern of Assistance:

a) Subsidy @ 40% of the cost with maximum limitation will be provided under PHM of NHM.

 b) The balance 60 percent amount is to be borne by the beneficiary.

The implement agency would have the following functions:

 (a) To disburse financial assistance to the beneficiary as per the guide lines of PHM scheme.

(b) To furnish utilization certificate and monthly progress reports.

(c) To disburse financial assistance after the date of installation of machinery.

 BASIC DESIGN 10MT COLD ROOM

1. Room dimension 14ft (L) x 10ft (B)x 10ft(H)

2.. Room temperature + 40 C (+ 2 0 C)

3. Humidity 85 - 90% RH

4. Ambience Temperature 430 C

5. Material to be stored Fresh vegetables and fruits

6. Product quantity 10 MT

7. Product Incoming Rate 33% (3300 kg per day)

8. Product entry Temperature 28-350 C

9. Pull down time 24 hrs / Batch

10. Insulation 60mm PUF with 0.5mm pre painted CRCA Sheet as external finish and internal finish

11. Floor 60mm thick PUF slab over kota and PCC

12. Hinge door 34”x 78” – 1No.

13. Refrigeration unit capacity 30000 Btu/hr @ 4 0C Room temperature & 43 0C Ambient temperatures

14. No of units 15000 Btu / hr x 2 nos.

15. Refrigerant R-22 / R404A

16 Compressor Reciprocating 7

 CALCULATION OF THE REFRIGERATING POWER

 1 Capacity 10 MT

2 Cold room temperature 4 °C (± 2 °C)

3 Outside moisture 50 %

4 Type Pre-fabricated room with floor

5 External Room Dimension 14ft x 10ft x 10ft

6 Insulation Poly-urethane foam panel (PUF)

7 Insulating outrace 60mm thick

8 Turn over Long storage

9 Man powers 2 nos.

10 Lighting 178 watt

11 Motor power 225 watt

12 Motor running period 2 – 24 hrs

13 Duration 2 – 24 hrs (Lighting)

14 Product Fruits & Vegetables

15 Process Fresh product storage

16 Product entering temperature 28 °C

17 Product leaving temperature 4 °C (± 2 °C)

18 Daily turnover 33 %

19 Processed period 24 hrs

20 Product quantity 10,000 kg

21 Density 181 kg/m³

22 Running compressor 18-24 hrs

Calculation Results:

 1 Ambient losses 28734 watt/24 hrs

2 Infiltration due to use 11970 watt/24 hrs

3 Motor load 5396 watts/24 hrs

4 Product load 42363 watt/24 hrs

5 Personal load 1013 watt/24 hrs

6 Lighting load 356 watt/24 hrs

7 Refrigeration capacity 89832 watt/24 hrs

8 Refrigeration power for unit 5040 watt

 PROFIT ANALYSIS COOL CHAIN (10MT CAPACITY)

Products storage Capacity =100 Qtls

Option-1

If the product stored on rented basis, the rent charge is Rs.0.40 kg / day (maximum 300 days storage in a year) Collected revenue will be = Rs.10000 x 0.40 x 300 = Rs.12,00,000 per year

Option-2

A-   If the products stored on rented basis as well as by own trading. Products stored on rented basis = 7 MT Revenue will be collected Rs. 0.40 / kg / day = Rs.7000 x 0.40 x 300 = Rs.8,40,000/-

 B- Products will be stored by own trading = 3 MT (8 rotation in a year) Average profit of mixed vegetables = Rs.5 / kg Profit for 3 MT vegetable = 3000 x 5 x 8 = Rs.1,20,000/- Total profit will be A +B = Rs.8,40,000/- + Rs.1,20,000/= Rs9,60,000/-

 ANALYSIS OF COST OF 10MT COLD STORAGE

1 Chamber size 10MT

2 Dimension 14’ x 10’ x 10’

3 Cost of machinery Rs.4,65,000/-

4 Civil cost192sqft @600/sqft Rs.1,15,200/-

5 Electrification, Stabiliser Rs.70,000/-

6 Insurance Rs.10,000/-

7 Cost of Generator, Accessories, Plastic crates Rs.3,90,000/-

8 Misc. Rs.3,550/-

9 Tax, Installation etc Rs.1,16,250/-

Total Rs.11.70 lakh

PROJECT REPORT OF 5000 MT COLD STORAGE

MODEL / BANKABLE PROJECT  REPORT  FOR COLD STORAGE  OF   5000 MT (50000 Quintals).

Cold Storages are essential for extending the shelf life, period of marketing, avoiding glut, post harvest losses reducing transport bottlenecks during peak period of production and maintenance of quality of produce.  It is, therefore, necessary that cold storage are to be constructed in major producing as well as consuming centres.  The development of cold storage's in the country has an important role in reducing the wastage of the perishable commodities and providing remunerative prices to the growers and to make available farm products to the consumers at competitive and affordable prices.

The annual production of fruits and vegetables in the country accounts for 18 to 20% of our agriculture out put. Varied agro climatic conditions and better availability of scientific package of practices, there is a vast scope for increasing the production. The lack of cold storage / cold room facilities is one of the main bottlenecks in tapping the potential.

Location

The project may be located anywhere in the country suitably either near the producing farms or consumer centres.

Project cost

The project cost for setting up of 5000 MT Cold Storage may be in the range of Rs.5.00 – 6.00 Crore, including cost of the land. 

Quantum of subsidy

Back- ended subsidy @ 40% of the project cost for general and 55% in case of hilly and scheduled areas for maximum storage capacity up to 5,000 per ton under the Govt. of India / NHB Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme.

   

                              Funding pattern under Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme

		Through State Government					Direct
Assistance		NCDC to State Govt.		State Govt. to Society
		General States	HS Areas	General States	HS Areas		General States	HS Areas
Loan		50%	35%	40 %	25%		35%	20%
BES*		40%	55%	40 %	55%		40%	55%
Share Capital		***	***	10 %	10%		***	***
Total		90%	90%	90 %	90%		75%	75%
		10 % by Society					25% by Society

* subject to availability from Government of India /NHB otherwise loan from NCDC  for a cold storage /CA store up to 5,000 ton capacity. HS =Hilly and Scheduled Areas.

Indicative Project Outlay                                                             (Rs.in lakh)

1.        Land and land development                                  -           130.00                                  

2.         Building and civil works                                        -           120.00

3.         Plant & machinery                                                -           153.00

3.         Utilities                                                                  -             23.00

4          Technical Know how                                             -               2.00

5.         Misc. fixed assets                                                 -             20.00

6.         Pre-operative expenses                                        -             17.00

7.         Contingencies                                                       -             13.00

8.         Margin money                                                       -             12.00

           

         Total                                                                          -           500.00

Unit size

The storage capacity envisaged for a multi purpose / multi commodity cold storage plant is 5000 MT.  Plant operation will be on an average of 10 hours / day.  Approximately 1 acre of land of land is required for setting up of a multi purpose / multi commodity cold storage plant.

  

PROFIT ANALYSIS COOL CHAMBER

 Products storage Capacity =50000 Qtls

Option-1

If the product stored on rented basis, the rent charge is Rs.0.50 per kg / day (maximum 300 days storage in a year and 70% occupancy)

Collected revenue will be = Rs.3500000 x 0.40 x 300 = Rs.42,000,000 per year

Option-2

A-   If the products stored on rented basis as well as by own trading. Products stored on rented basis = 3500 MT 

   Revenue will be collected Rs. 0.40 / kg / day = Rs.350000 x 0.30 x 300 = Rs.42,000,000/-

B-    

Products will be stored by own trading = 1000 MT (8 rotation in a year)

     Average profit of mixed vegetables = Rs.5 / kg

     Profit for 10 MT vegetable = 1000000 x 5 x 8 = Rs.40,000,000/-

     Total profit will be A +B

    = Rs. 42,000,000/- + Rs. 40,000,000/= Rs. 82,000,000/-

Protocol for Implementation of Technical Standards

The Govt. of India vide letter F.No.45-64/2010-Hort. dated 25.2.2010 has informed that all the project proposals received under various schemes of Department of Agriculture & Cooperation for setting up of Cold Chain Projects should invariably comply to the prescribed technical standards.  

Procedure for availing assistance

Societies willing to set up new cold storage / modernization / expansion of their existing cold storage are required to apply to National Horticulture Board (NHB) for issue of “LOI” and send copy of DPR and data-sheet duly filled in by consulting engineer to NHB.  The DPR and data-sheet shall also be enclosed with the application by the society to NCDC, seeking financial assistance.