PRESENT SCENARIO OF INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY IN DAIRY INDIA

Investment opportunity in Dairy India

With an estimated 86.8 million tons of annual milk production from animals managed by nearly 70 million farmers, India is the top-most milk producing country in the world. The average annual growth is about 5.6%. The per capita milk availability is about 214 grams per day as against the recommended requirement of 250 grams. Milk is one of the most important item of common vegetarian diet of Indian people. With rapid industrialization, economic growth and 250 million potential economically strong domestic consumers of milk and milk products, there is a very strong potential for future growth of the industry.

The small rural milk producers have several problems. The major problems faced by the farmers include small herd strengths, small land holdings, shortages of green and dry fodder, low productivity of animals, non availability of timely inputs for breeding, feeding and health care of animals, lack of suitable education/training for skill development for new viable and sustainable technology, inadequate finances, poor rural infrastructure facilities and lack of proper marketing support for their produce.

The major thrust areas in the livestock development :-

·           Effective animal health and management, including control and eradication of important animal diseases and "Animal Disease information Service" for farmers

·           Providing better quality Artificial Insemination service for breeding of animals

·           Support for activities under " Operation flood (milk) programme (OF)", including strengthening of existing viable dairies and rehabilitation of sick dairies.

·           Special integrated Dairy Development Projects for hilly and backward districts.

·           Improving data-base on production of milk and reproduction capacity per animal to facilitate better planning and forecasting of issues and activities.

·           Intensified research on milk products with particular emphasis on " indigenous milk products " and with particular reference to products suitable for the utilization of buffalo milk .

·           Encouraging milk production through commercial herds and for providing 'quality' milk for preparation of value-added products.

·           Providing adequate credit for dairy sector

·           Strengthening activities for fodder production.

Present scenario:

Some important issues of the Dairy industry are as under:-

Breeding of animals

·        As per 1992 livestock census, India had a very large base of 56.3 million breedable indigenous cows and 42.5 million breedable buffaloes. However majority were nondescript low producing animals. India also had 6.36 million crossbred cows that had a good potential for milk production but the same was not fully exploited due to inadequate feeding and management.

·        A new breeding programme - " National Cattle and Buffaloe breeding programme" has been taken by the Government of India with massive financial assistance to the state Livestock Development Boards).

·        Since last several years, massive programmes have been taken up for cross-breeding of local non-descript cattle mainly utilizing semen of two exotic breeds namely Holstein Friesian ( for irrigated areas and for farmers with adequate fodder resources) and Jersey ( for dry/hilly areas and farmers having low fodder resources). In case of buffaloes the programme is for upgrading of local buffaloes using semen of better dairy breeds like Murrah, Mehasana etc. It is observed that the overall field results of crossbreeding with artificial insemination (A.I.) are still not very satisfactory. For example data of 17 million inseminations done through a large network of about 43782 A.I. centers showed that the number of calves born were only 15% of A.I. done in the field. Only about 10% of the breedable buffaloes were covered by A.I., the rest being covered by natural insemination service from locally available bulls for whom correct pedigree history was not available. .

·        Buffaloe is the major contributor (52.3%) to India's milk production. Therefore more emphasis is required on buffaloe development..

·         Feed and fodder development:

·         Almost 70% of arable land is dry or rainfed land having an erratic rainfall, and poor productivity of cereal grains resulting into low output of dry fodder.

·         The land holdings per farmer -household are getting fragmented and reduced.

·         As and when irrigation facilities are available, the farmers tend to take cash crops and value-added crops. The land for fodder cultivation and availability is a last priority.

·         The cattle population and therefore the demand for fodder is increasing every year.

·         All the above issues have adversely affected the fodder balance for milk production. There is tremendous overall shortage of fodder availability against the nutritional demand for dairy cattle. Pandey (1995) had estimated that by year 2002, the gap (demand minus availability) of fodder in India will be 606.2 million tons for dry fodder, 1018.0 tons of green fodder in Kharif (monsoon) season and 1174.36 tons of green fodder in Rabi (winter) season.

Dairy cattle health:

·         The work of diagnosis and treatment is mostly done by the State veterinary departments. They have well qualified technical manpower but lack financial resources.

·         Most of the important vaccines and medicines are manufactured in the country . However there is a shortage of diagnostic agents.

·         Where farmers have high producing dairy animals, they are willing to pay for the services and private veterinary practice is possible and flourishing. A good networking amongst the veterinary laboratories and teaching institutions.

·         Almost every state has a state Agricultural University and a veterinary faculty.

Production and marketing of milk:

·         Most of the milk in India is produced in villages. Quantity of milk produced per household is very small.

·         About 56% of milk is available as marketable surplus for urban areas. Fairly large quantity of milk is converted to local milk products ( khoa, paneer, butter, ghee etc).

·         The share of organized sector is small ( private-11-12% , Government/cooperative sector - 11-12%).There is still a very large portion of milk market in the hands of unorganized sector which has adverse effect on the farm-gate price of the milk..

·         In Government/cooperative sector, almost 80% milk is marketed as liquid milk and only 20% as milk products. While it is reverse in the private sector - only 30% is marketed as liquid milk and 70% as milk products with value addition.

·         In absence of properly developed infrastructure for preservation of raw milk in local areas many plants in Govt. sector collect fresh raw milk from the far-flung rural areas (each producer having very small quantities) twice a day , send it over a long distance to towns for processing, incurring high cost on transportation. This erodes the profitability. As a result, many plants have become uneconomical, non-functional or they are working much below their potential capacities. Alternative strategies need to be developed to store raw milk in bulk coolers in the rural area and transport it in bigger volumes at a longer intervals. There is also a need to use alternative and cheaper energy sources to store cool milk, and develop rural markets so that much of the milk produced in the rural areas finds consumption avenue in the nearby local markets

·         There is a need to set up schemes for diversification and preparation of value added milk products at the production centers instead of sending raw milk over long distances. Depending upon the market demand for a particular product, quantum of raw milk available , and financial position of the milk plant, suitable milk processing and product manufacturing units can be set up.

·         The dairy products with high demand potential can be largely grouped under following categories:-

o   prepared by reconstitution of liquid milk eg. Flavoured milk with different fat content, flavours etc.

o   prepared from culturing methods ( microbial fermentation) eg. Indin milk products Dahi, Mishti Dahi, Lassi, Butter milk ( Chhas), Kadhi , Butter ( Makhhan), Ghee, Chakka, Shrikhand etc.

o   prepared by condensation of milk eg. indian milk products Kheer, Kulfi Basundi, Rabdi, Burfi, Pedha, Kalakand, Gulab Jamun etc.

o   prepared by acid precipitation eg. Indian milk products Paneer, Channa, Sandesh, Rasgolla, Rasmalai etc.

o   products such as lactose, casein etc.

·         Suitable technologies and model projects for several dairy products have been developed by institutions like NDDB Anand , NDRI Karnal, NDRI Bangalore, CFTRI Mysore etc .NABARD has prepared and circulated to banks suitable techno-economic model schemes

SOLUTION OF INDIAN DAIRY ISSUES-NDP

National dairy plan short out weakness of India dairy

India was the largest milk producing nation in 2010-11 with a production of 122.8 million litres. This was close to 16% of world milk production. The demand for milk is projected to rise 7 per cent by 2020, while the production is growing at 4 per cent resulting in an estimated shortfall of 3 per cent. Milk demand is set to touch 200 million tonnes by 2020, Milk production in the country is growing at 3.3% per annum while consumption is growing at 5% leaving a gap in demand and supply. We need to plug that gap to steady the domestic supply and milk prices.

Government of India launched NDP I on 19^th April, 2012 for cope of dairy needs. The 15-year NDP, being implemented by the National Dairy Development Board in 14 States, seeks to augment milk production in the country by improving productivity of milch animals and provide rural milk producers greater access to the organised milk processing sector. Such a move is expected to help plug the projected shortfall in milk production by 2020.

Strengths and Weaknesses India Dairy Industry’s

Strengths
• Availability of Raw Material: Abundant. Presently, more than 80 per cent of milk produced is flowing into the unorganized sector, which requires proper channelization.
• Flexibility of Product Mix: Tremendous. With balancing equipment, you can keep on adding to your product line.
• Margins: Quite reasonable, even on packed liquid milk.
• Demand Profile: Absolutely optimistic.
• Technical Manpower: Professionally-trained, technical human resource pool, built over last 30 years.
Weaknesses
• Competition: With so many newcomers entering this industry, competition is becoming tougher day by day. The market is large enough for the Quality producers.
• Logistics of Procurement: Woes of bad roads and inadequate transportation facility make milk
procurement problematic. But with the overall economic improvement in India, these problems will be solved in future.
• Lack of Control over Yield: Theoretically, there is little control over milk yield. However, increased awareness of developments like embryo transplant, artificial insemination and properly managed animal husbandry practices, coupled with higher income to rural milk producers should automatically lead to improvement in milk yields.
• Problematic Distribution: Distribution is not that good but India will emerge with cold chain which will link the producer to the consumer.
• Perishability: Pasteurization has overcome this weakness partially. UHT gives milk long life. Surely, many new processes will follow to improve milk quality and extend its shelf life.

For further detail contact on www.univision.net.in

INDIAN DAIRY MARKET OPPORTUNITIES & THREATS

Emerging Indian Dairy Market – Opportunities and Threats

• India’s Dairy market is multi-layered. It’s shaped like a pyramid with the base made up of a vast market for low-cost milk.
• The bulk of the demand for milk is among the poor in urban areas whose individual requirement is small, maybe a glassful for use as whitener for their tea and coffee. Nevertheless, it adds up to a sizable volume – millions of litres per day.
• In the major cities lies an immense growth potential for the modern sector. Presently, barely 778 out of 3,700 cities and towns are served by its milk distribution network, dispensing hygienically packed wholesome, quality pasteurized milk.
• According to one estimate, the packed milk segment will be doubled in the next five years, giving both strength and volume to the modern sector. The narrow tip at the top is a small but affluent market for Western type milk products.
Emerging Dairy Markets
• Ingredients Market: A boom is forecast in the market of dairy products used as Raw material in
pharmaceutical and allied industries.
• Food Service Institutional Market: It is growing at double the rate of consumer market.
• Defense Market: An important growing market for quality products at reasonable prices.
• Parlour Market: The increasing away-from-home consumption trend opens new vistas for ready-toserve dairy products, which would ride piggyback on the fast food revolution sweeping the urban India.
Opportunities
• There is a phenomenal scope for value addition with innovations in product development, packaging and presentation such as Butter, Yoghurt and Cheese.
• Exports opportunities in milk proteins through Casein, Caseinates and other dietary proteins.
• Introduction of value-added products with different flavours of Shrikhand, Ice creams, Paneer, Khoa, Flavored milk, Dairy sweets, etc. are to be undertaken.
• Also addition of Infant foods, Geriatric foods and Nutraceuticals in near future.
• Efforts are on to exploit export potential of reputed brands. Amul is exporting to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and the Middle East.
• Following the new GATT Treaty, opportunities will increase tremendously for the export of Agri-products in general and dairy products in particular.
Threats
• Milk vendors of the un-organized sector are occupying the pride of place in the industry. Organized dissemination of information and creation of public awareness about the harm that the Un-organized venders do to the producers and the consumers will show a steady rise day by day

DAIRY COOPERATIVE MARKET OF INDIA

The Indian Dairy Co-operative Market

India has emerged as the largest milk producing country in the world manufacturing about 92 million tonnes of milk per annum. It could be said of the Indian dairy market as being a pyramid with the base made up of a vast market for low-cost milk. The bulk of the demand for milk is among the poor in urban areas whose individual requirement is small, maybe a glassful for use as whitener for their tea and coffee. Nevertheless, it adds up to a sizable volume - millions of litres per day. In the major cities lies an immense growth potential for the modern sector. Presently, barely 1000 out of 3,700 cities and towns are served by its milk distribution network, dispensing hygienically packed wholesome and quality pasteurized milk. According to one estimate, the packed milk segment would double in the next five years, giving both strength and volume to the modern sector. The narrow tip at the top is a small but affluent market for western type milk products. Indian Cooperative procured about 25.85 million litres milk per day in the 2009-10.

Growing Volumes

The effective milk market is largely confined to urban areas, inhabited by over 25 per cent of the country's population. An estimated 50 per cent of the total milk produced is consumed here. At the turn of the twentieth century, the urban population consuming milk has estimated to have risen by more than 100 million to cross 364 million, a growth of about 40 per cent. The expected rise in urban population would be a boon to Indian dairying. Presently, the organised sector, both cooperative and private, and the traditional sector cater to this market.

Milk Production
- The Upside

Increasing awareness: With India entering the era of economic reforms, agriculture, particularly the livestock sector, is positioned to be a major growth area. The fact that dairying could play a more constructive role in promoting rural welfare and reducing poverty, is increasingly being recognised. For example, milk production alone involves more than 70 million producers, each raising one or two cows/buffaloes. Cow dung is an important input as organic fertilizer for crop production and is also widely used as fuel in rural areas.

- The Downside

Technological gaps: Several areas of the dairy industry can be strengthened by the induction of state-of-the-art technologies from overseas. Those who bring in new technologies or sign joint ventures with foreign companies stand to benefit the most. To make the best out of the present situation, the following areas require immediate remedial action on the part of dairy entrepreneurs:

Raw milk handling needs to be upgraded in terms of physico-chemical and microbiological attributes of the milk collected. The use of clarification and bactofugation in raw milk processing can help improve quality of the milk products.

Better operational efficiencies are needed to improve yields, reduce waste, minimize fat/protein losses during processing, control production costs, save energy and extend shelf-life. The adoption of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and HACCP would help manufacture milk products conforming to international standards and thus make their exports competitive.

Dairy Cooperatives account for the major share of processed liquid milk marketed in the country. Milk is processed and marketed by 170 Milk Producers' Cooperative Unions, which federate into 15 State Cooperative Milk Marketing Federations.

The Dairy Board's programmes and activities seek to strengthen the functioning of Dairy Cooperatives, as producer-owned and controlled organizations. NDDB supports the development of dairy cooperatives by providing them financial assistance and technical expertise, ensuring a better future for India's farmers.

Over the years, brands created by cooperatives have become synonymous with quality and value. Brands like Amul (GCMMF), Mother Dairy (Delhi), Vijaya (AP), Verka (Punjab), Saras (Rajasthan). Nandini (Karnataka), Milma (Kerala) and Gokul (Kolhapur) are among those that have earned customer confidence.

The Anand Pattern

The milk cooperatives under Operation Flood follow the Anand Pattern, which was pioneered by Dr V Kurien when he was General Manager of the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Produ-cers' Union Limited, Anand.

Dr Kurien nurtured the Union from a daily collection of 500 litres a day in 1948 to one million litres a day in early 1990. He helped set up similar District Cooperative Unions in six other districts of Gujarat, which eventually federated to an apex body, the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Limited. An establishment, which Dr Kurien now heads as Chairman. The Federation covers more than 1.5 million milk producer families. Procured about 9 million  litres milk per day in 2009-10.

NDDB: Heralding Changes

The past 33 years of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) have seen the birth of India's modern dairy industry. The cooperative movement, that NDDB helped to create, has become a model for other deve-loping countries and the international agencies that are concerned with dairy development.

The enormous urban market stimulus has led to sustained production increases, raising per capita availability of milk to nearly 200 grams per day. 
- The dependence on commercial imports of milk solids are done away with. 
- Modernisation and expansion of the dairy industry and its infrastructure, activating a milk grid. 
- Marketing expanded to supply hygienic and fair priced milk to some 300 million consumers in 550 cities and towns. 
- Ninety lakh small producers in 74,000 villages are earning jointly an incremental income of Rs 2500 crores from milk. 
- A nationwide network of multi-tier producers' cooperatives, democratic in structure and professionally managed, has come into existence. Millions of small producers participate in an economic enterprise and improve the quality of their life and environs.

In sum, NDDB is a unique example of organisational development, human resource and cooperative development in India. 

MILK COOPS IN INDIA
1) GCMMF
No of Cooperative Unions 12
No. of Dairy plants 19
Capacity 6,595 Thousand Litres per Day 
Milk Product Range: Infant
Milk Food, Instant Milk Mix, Ice-cream, Skim Milk Powder, Ghee, Dairy Whitener, Paneer, Sweetened Condensed Milk, Malai Peda, Gulabjamun Mix, Shrikhand, Pizza Cheese, Butter 
Brand: Amul

2) Mahasangh, Maharashtra
No. of Cooperative Unions 24
No. of Dairy plants 28
Capacity 4,905 Thousand Litres per Day 
Milk Product Range: Pasteurized Butter, Pure Ghee, Lassi, Shrikhand, UHT Milk, Flavoured Milk, Paneer, Peda
Brands: Aarey, Vikas, Mahanand

3) Andhra Pradesh Dairy Devt Coop Federation
No. of Cooperative Unions 9
No. of Dairy plants 12
Capacity 2,437 Thousand Litres per Day 
Milk Product Range: Table Butter, UHT Milk, Skim Milk Powder, Ghee, Flavoured Milk, Khoa, Pasteruized Butter, Kulfi, Processed Cheese
Brand: Vijaya

4) Bihar State Coop Milk Producers Federation 
No. of Cooperative Unions 8
No. of Dairy plants 8
Capacity 586 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Pure Ghee, Butter, Ghee, Paneer, Lassi, Rasagolla, Peda Ice-cream, Milk Cake
Brand: Sudha

5) Haryana Dairy Devt Coop Federation 
No. of Cooperative Unions 5
No. of Dairy plants 5
Capacity 530 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Pure Ghee, Paneer, Butter, 
Brand: Vita 

6) Karnataka Coop Milk Producers Federation 
No. of Cooperative Unions 13
No. of Dairy plants 15
Capacity 2,130 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Skim Milk Powder, Paneer, Pure Ghee, Badam Burfi Gulamjamun, Pasteurized Butter, Pure Milk Khoa, Ice-cream, Tonned Milk Curd
Brand: Nandini

7) Kerala State Coop Milk Mkting Federation
No. of Cooperative Unions 3
No. of Dairy plants 3
Capacity 900 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Instant Dairy Whitener, Ice-cream, Flavoured Milk, Skim Milk Powder, Ghee, Skimmed Milk Curd, Pasteurized Butter, Peda
Brand: Milma

8) Punjab State Coop Milk Producers Federation 
No. of Cooperative Unions 11
No. of Dairy plants 9
Capacity 1,525 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Pure Ghee, sweetened Flavoured Milk, milk Cake, Ice-cream, Curd, Malted Milk Food, Lassi, Pesturized Butter UHT Milk, Processed Cheese, Dairy Whitener, Paneer 
Brand: Verka

9) MP State Coop Dairy Federation
No. of Cooperative Unions 6
No. of Dairy plants 7
Capacity 1,030 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Pure Ghee, Processed Cheese, Lassi, Skim Milk Powder Pasteurized Butter, Flavoured Milk 
Brand: Sneha, Sanchi

10) Orissa State Coop Milk Producer's Federation
No. of Cooperative Unions 5
No. of Dairy plants 5
Capacity 135 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Pure Ghee, Butter, Sweet Curd, 
Brand: Omfed

11) Pradeshik Coop Dairy Federation (UP)
No. of Cooperative Unions 30
No. of Dairy plants 13
Capacity 1,510 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Pure Ghee, Instant Milk Powder, Paneer, Pasteurized Butter, Instant Milk Mix, Skim Milk Powder, White Butter, Milk Cake
Brand: Parag

12) Rajasthan Coop Dairy Federation 
No. of Cooperative Unions 16
No. of Dairy plants 10
Capacity 1,000 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Pure Ghee, Shrikhand, Flavoured Milk, Milk Cake, Cheddar Cheese, Paneer, Pasteurized Butter, UHT Cow Milk
Brand: Saras 

13) WB Coop Milk Production Federation
No. of Cooperative Unions 7
No. of Dairy plants 5
Capacity 1,510 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Table Butter, White Butter, Ghee, 
Brand: Bhagirathi

14) TN Coop Milk Producers Federation
No. of Cooperative Unions 12
No. of Dairy plants 15
Capacity 2,605 Thousand LPD
Milk Product Range: Skim Milk Powder, Milk Khoa, Milk Peda, Pure Ghee Butter, Cheese, Yoghurt, Table Butter, Flavoured Milk Ice-cream, UHT Standardized Milk
Brand: Aavin

EMERGENCE OF INDIAN DAIRY PRODUCT'S IN SUPER MARKET SCENARIO

Dairy Product Market

The country is the worlds largest milk producer 121.5 million tonnes of milk during 2010-11, accounting for more than 17% of worlds total milk production. It is the worlds largest consumer of dairy products, consuming almost 100% of its own milk production.

The cheese market, presently valued at about Rs.80 crore is growing at about 9% annually. Dahi even though is a Rs.15000 crore market, the share of the organized sector is only around 10%.Traditional milk based sweets, manufactured in the country. The market size is around Rs.12000 crore.About 45% of milk production is consumed as fluid milk. About 35% is processed into butter or ghee; about 7% is processed into Paneer (cottage cheese) and other cheeses, about 4% is converted into milk powder; and the balance is used for other products such as Dahi (yoghurt) and sweet meats. In recent years, there has been an increasing ice cream production as foreign companies have invested in India.

The organised cheese market including its variants like processed cheese, cheese spreads, mozzarella, flavoured and spiced cheese, is placed at around Rs 3 bn. Processed cheese at 50% of the overall market is Rs. 1.5 bn strong. The next most popular variant is cheese spread claiming a share of around 30% of the total cheese market. The market is primarily an urban phenomenon and is know to be growing at around 15%. The market for cheese cubes slices and tins is growing. The flavored cheese segment has been declining.

The ice cream market in India is estimated to have reached the level of Rs. 10 bn per annum, of which the organized sector is about Rs. 6 bn. The unorganised market has been shrinking. The per capita ice cream consumption in the country is extremely low at 250 ml per year compared with that of the US, which is about 22 litre dairy whitner-The organised dairy industry processes an estimated 15% of the total milk output in India. The industry has maintained a high growth profile, especially in the wake of the Operation Flood, colloquially also termed as White Revolution, initiated in early 1980s. Today India produces over 80 mn tonnes of milk annually. In terms of value, the total milk economy is estimated at Rs. 1200 bn.

The average milk procurement by dairy cooperatives during 2009-10 (up to December, 2009) was more than 241 lakh kgs per day (provisional) as compared to 233 lakh kgs per day during the same period in the previous year, registering an increase of 3.4 per cent. The average milk marketing by cooperatives was 211 lakh litres per day as against 201 lakh litres per day, registering a rise of about five per cent over the corresponding period in the previous year

The demand for processed dairy products through suparmarket is expanding and is expected to keep doing so as cold supply chains and modern trade continue to evolve. Increasing urbanization,exposure to gourmet foods and corresponding changes in consumer preferences, behavior and purchasing power are the catalysts for the rise of processed dairy categories. And this is just the start," said Devendra Chawla head-private brands and food services, Future Grop.

India is a very minor player in the world market. India was primarily an import dependent country till early seventies. In the 1990s, India started exporting surplus dairy commodities, such as SMP, WMP, butter and ghee.The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) regulated the export and import of dairy products till early 1990s The major destinations for Indian dairy products are Bangladesh (23.1%), UAE (15.4%), US (15.6%) and Philippines (8.9%). In terms of products, SMP is the most important product accounting for about 63% of total export volume, followed by ghee and butter (11.7%) and WMP

DAIRY SECTOR PLAY VITAL ROLE IN INDIAN FINANCIAL INCLUSION

Financial Inclusion and dairy sector

Financial inclusion in simplest term means “reaching the unreached” i.e. bring people under the financial umbrella who do not uses/have no access to financial product/services. Financial Inclusion was used by RBI for the first time in its Annual Policy statement of 2005-2006.

According to NSSO survey 59 round around 51.4% of farmer households are financially excluded from both formal / informal sources, of the total farmer households, only 27% access formal sources of credit; one third of this group also borrow from nonformal sources, overall, 73% of farmer households have no access to formal sources of credit. The above mentioned figures are not all this disparity is also reflected in terms of region, caste and occupational distribution.

Dairying has been considered as one of the activities aimed at alleviating the poverty and unemployment especially in the rural areas in the rain-fed and drought-prone regions. In India, about three-fourth of the population live in rural areas and about 38% of them are poor. Need financial inclusion. In 1986-87, about 73% of rural households own livestock. Small and marginal farmers account for three-quarters of these households owning livestock, raising 56% of the bovine and 66% of the sheep population

Animal Husbandry sector provides large self-employment opportunities. According to National Sample Survey Organization’s latest survey on Employment and Unemployment (July 2004-June 2005 NSS 61st round), 6.7 per cent of the work force was engaged in rural areas in animal husbandry sector as compared to 5.5 per cent in rural and urban areas combined in the country. The progress in this sector will result in a more balanced development of the rural economy

The country is the worlds largest milk producer 121.5 million tonnes of milk during 2010-11, accounting for more than 17% of worlds total milk production. It is the worlds largest consumer of dairy products, consuming almost 100% of its own milk production.

Most of the milk is produced by small, marginal farmers and landless labourers who are grouped into Cooperatives at the village level. To provide them a steady market and a remunerative price for the milk produced, about 13.90 million farmers have been brought under the ambit of 1,33,349 village level dairy cooperative societies in the country as a part of Operation Flood Programme.

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The milk processing industry is small compared to the huge amount of milk produced every year. Only 10% of all the milk is delivered to some 400 dairy plants. A specific Indian phenomenon is the unorganised sector of milkmen, vendors who collect the milk from local producers and sell the milk in both, urban and non-urban areas, which handles around 65-70% of the national milk production.

In the organised dairy industry, the cooperative milk processors have a 60% market share. The cooperative dairies process 90% of the collected milk as liquid milk whereas the private dairies process and sell only 20% of the milk collected as liquid milk and 80% for other dairy products with a focus on value-added products.

R K.Mehta says, “Firstly, there are the milk producers who supply milk to Mother Dairy. They open an account with PNB to receive payment for the milk supplied. Secondly, Mother Dairy is another stakeholder which recommends milk producers to the bank, procures milk from them and makes payments to the milk producers every 10 days through the bank account opened with PNB. PNB is the third stakeholder as it opens and maintains accounts of the milk producers through the BCs, makes and receives payments and deposits at their doorstep and arranges for loans for needy milk producers from the bank branch.”

MISSION MILK BECOME NEXT WHITE REVOLUTION

Mission Milk- 2nd White Revolution of National dairy Plan

The first phase of National Dairy Plan (NDP), the ambitious scheme to double India's milk production, was launched at the headquarters of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in the country's milk capital here on 19 April,2012. 

In the first phase, which is spread across six years and with a financial outlay of Rs 2,242 crore, NDP is aimed at increasing the productivity of milch animals through a scientifically planned multi-state initiative. 

According to NDDB chairperson Amrita Patel, the demand for milk is projected to be around 200 million tonnes in 2021-22, as against the production of 122.8 million tonnes in 2010-11. "It is necessary to maintain annual growth of over four per cent for the next 15 years to meet the estimated demand,". The dairy sector at present contributes six per cent to country's GDP and 26 per cent to agriculture GDP. 

Cooperative dairy and private dairy have procurement total milk of 65.87 ML/day on 2009-10. that was increased about 50% on the label of 2005-06 of procurement of milk 42.45ML/day. Private dairy procurement zoomed in same period 21 ML/day to 40 ML/day and Cooperative dairy contribute about 21.45ML/day to 25.87 ML/day in same period. Their growth has come from just two entities – Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (Amul) and the Karnataka Milk Federation (Nandini).over 9 MLPD is accounted for by Amul and almost 4 million by Nandini. Today, there are eight others dairy procure over five lakh litres a day.Hatsun Agro Product, VRS Foods, Tirumala Dairy, Heritage Foods, Sterling Agro Industries (Nova), Bhole Baba Dairy Industries (Krishna), Dynamix Dairy Industries and Parag Milk Foods (Govardhan). Another six dairies including Dodla Dairy, Keventer Agro, SMC Foods (Madhusudan), Creamline Dairy (Jersey) and Gopaljee

NDP I will be implemented in 14 major milk producing states, including Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. It is being financed largely with loan from International Development Association (IDA) of World Bank and implemented by NDDB through End Implementing Agencies located in the states. Total financial outlay for entire NDP spread over 15 years tenure is Rs 17,300 crore. 

In phase one, NDP envisages production of 2,500 high genetic merit and disease free cattle and buffalo bulls of different breeds using internationally established practices of progeny testing and pedigree selection and import of 400 Jersey and Holstein Friesian bulls. 

It also intends to raise the proportion of milch animals bred through artificial insemination from 20 per cent to 35 per cent over the six-year project period. Various A and B graded semen stations in the country would also be strengthened for production of about 100 million doses for use by semen stations across the country. A pilot model to demonstrate viable and sustainable artificial insemination delivery service that follows standard operating procedures will also be funded under the NDP, to reach 4 million artificial insemination deliveries per annum by the end of NDP. 

In order to maximise the genetic potential of milch animals, an initiative to educate farmers on feeding their animals a balanced ration will be carried out by 40,000 local resource persons. 

Steps will be taken to expand village based procurement systems by strengthening existing cooperatives and facilitating the setting up of producer companies or new generation cooperatives. It is expected about 1.2 million milk producers in 23,800 additional villages will be covered in the project.

Most common Pulse varieties used in India

List of Pulse (dried-beans, peas lentils) in alphabetical order of their Hindi names in Hindi. The seed-coat may be left in-tact (Chilke-waali), or decorticated (Dhuli). The seeds may be left as whole (Sabut) or mechanically split in half (Dal). In order of consumption by volume, the top three pulses are: Kala chana, Arhar, and Urad.
 

Arhar, Toor (Cajanus cajan)

Common English name: Pigeon-pea, Red Gram
Seed coat (Skin) color: Pale green
Internal seed color: Light yellow
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed) plain
- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed) coated with castor oil as a preservative
Out of total pulse consumption in India, Arhar is the second most consumed. Most of the seeds sold are decorticated and split. It is popular in central and south India. In South India, medium-sized variety is used. Popular dish are Rasam and Sambhar. In North India, yellow variety is used.
 

Soybean /Bhatta (Glycine max)

Common English name: Soybean
Seed coat (Skin) color: Pale yellow
Internal seed color: light
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
Soybean bean popularity is rather new to Indian cuisine. The beans are gown in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.

Chana-Desi Hara (Cicer arietinum)

Common English name: Chickpeas, Garbanzo beans, Green Chickpeas
Seed coat (Skin) color: Green
Internal seed color: Light green
Common configurations- Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

Chana-Desi Kala (Cicer arietinum)

Common English name: Chickpeas, Garbanzo beans, Brown Chickpeas, Bengal-Gram
Seed coat (Skin) color: Dark brown
Internal seed color: Light yellow
Common configurations- Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed), called Chana Dal, Yellow Gram
- Atta (Flour): skinless beans are slightly roasted and ground into a flour called Besan

India is the largest producer and consumer of Kala chana. Kala chana represents 46% share of total pulse consumption.  55% of Kala chana is concerted into Besan (Bengal-Garam flour), 20 % as chana Dal, and 25% is left as whole Kala. Besan is used in making sweets, Namkeen (salty snacks), flat breads. Chana Dal is is used make Dhal (Soup), and roasted salted snacks, and dry Masala curries. Popular dish in North India is Ghiya Chana Dal (combination of Chana Dal and Bottle gourd). The whole Chana is primariry roasted and spiced as a snack.
 

Chana-Kabuli (Cicer arietinum)

Common English name: Chickpeas, Garbanzo beans, White Chickpeas
Seed coat (Skin) color: Light beige
Internal seed color: White
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
Poplar in Punjab to make popular dish called Chholay. Larger the seed size, higher is the perceived quality.

Chori Kala (Vigna angularis)

Common English name: Azuki bean Black.
Seed coat (Skin) color: Black
Common configuration - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
Chori can be comapred to whole Moong. The seed is same size as Moong. It tastes sweeter, and longer to cook than Moong. Limited popularity in Gujarat. Indian Azuki beans are smaller than Japanese seeds.

Chori Lal (Vigna angularis)

Common English name: Azuki bean Red
Seed coat (Skin) color: Light Reddish brown
Common configuration - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
Chori can be comapred to whole Moong. The seed is same size as Moong. It tastes sweeter, and longer to cook than Moong. Limited popularity in Gujarat. Indian Azuki beans are smaller than Japanese seeds.

Gahat, Kulthi (Vicia faba equina)

Common English name: Horse Gram
Seed coat (Skin) color: Brown
Internal seed color: White
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
Popular in South India.

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus)

Common English name: Cluster beans
Seed coat (Skin) color: Brownish grey
Internal seed color: light
Common configurations - Guar Gum: Decorticated dried beans are ground to make flour.

Guar gum is used as a thickener. It is six times more effective than corn starch. It is also used as an additive to make Gluten free breads to make the dough more elastic. Young tender pods with immature seeds are used to make dried stir-fried curry.

 

Khesari (Lathyrus sativus)

Common English name: Grass-pea
Seed coat (Skin) color: Brown
Internal seed color: Light yellow
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact) - Atta

Khesari used to be a popular pulse in Bihar before it was banned effective January 1, 2004 due to health concerns (may cause paralysis). A new harmless variety has been developed but not yet available in the market place.

Lobiya, Lobhiya, Rongi, Chauwli (Vigna unguiculata)

Common English name: Black eyed peas, cowpea
Seed coat (Skin) color: White
Internal seed color: White
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed)
It is used on limited basis in every region of India, perhaps more popular in Punjab

Masoor (Lens culinaris)

Common English name: Lentil
Seed coat (Skin) color: Greenish Brown
Internal seed color: Salmon Pink
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed)
Popular in northern and eastern India.
 

Mattar-Sukhae Hara (Pisum sativum)

Common English name: Dried green peas
Seed coat (Skin) color: Green
Internal seed color: green
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed)
Popular in Uttar Pradesh, eastern India and southern India.
 

Mattar-Sukhae Peela (Pisum sativum)

Common English name: Dried yellow peas
Seed coat (Skin) color: Yellow
Internal seed color: yellow
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed)
Popular in Uttar Pradesh, eastern India and southern India. Mixed with Chana Dal to make illegal lower cost Besan.

  

Mattar-Sukhae Safed (Pisum sativum)

Common English name: Dried white peas
Seed coat (Skin) color: White
Internal seed color: white
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

Popular in Uttar Pradesh, eastern India

Methi Daana (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Common English name: Fenugreek seeds
Seed coat (Skin) color: Light brown
Internal seed color: white
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

The seeds are technically beans but not used to make traditional Dal. The seeds are used as whole or ground as spices. The fresh leaves are used as greens to make curry. The dried leaves (Kasoori Patta) are used as herbs

Moong (Vigna radiata)

Common English name: Mung Bean, Green Gram
Seed coat (Skin) color: Green
Internal seed color: Light yellow
Common configurations

- Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

- Sabut (Whole), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed)
- Dal (Split), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed), Yellow Gram
- Atta (Flour): Ground skinless beans
Popular in eastern India and Maharashtra. It is commonly used as decorticated split form.

Moth, Mataki (Vigna acontifolia)

Common English name: Haricot bean, Dew bean
Seed coat (Skin) color: Brown
Internal seed color: Light yellow
Common configurations

- Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

- Dal (Split), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed)
Popular in Uttar Pradesh and east India

Rajma-Chitriwaale (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Common English name: Pinto beans
Seed coat (Skin) color: Caramel brown
Internal seed color: white
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
Popular in North India

Rajma (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Common English name: Red kidney beans
Seed coat (Skin) color: Dark red, Reddish brown (Kashmiri)
Internal seed color: white
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
Popular in North India specially Punjab

 

Sem, Vaal (Lablab purpureus)

Common English name: Hyacinth beans, Lablan beans
Seed coat (Skin) color: White
Internal seed color: White
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed)
Popular in Bengal and Assam

Sutari, Naurangi (Vigna umbellata)

Common English name: Ricebean
Seed coat (Skin) color: Reddish brown with white eye
Internal seed color: White
Common configurations - Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
Popular in WNE (Western, Northern and Eastern) India and Nepal

Urad, Mah, Kali-Dal (Vigna mungo)

Common English name: Black Matpe Bean, Black Gram
Seed coat (Skin) color: Black
Internal seed color: White
Common configurations

- Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)

- Sabut (Whole), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed)
- Dal (Split), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
- Dal (Split), Dhuli (Decorticated skin removed)

- Atta (Flour): Ground skinless beans
Urad is the third most popular pulse consumed in India. It is consumed in every region of India. It is used to make popular Papad. In South India, it is also used to make Idli, Dosa, and Vada,

Vatna Kala (Pisum sativum)

Common English name: Dried Black peas
Seed coat (Skin) color: Black
Internal seed color: Light
Common configurations- Sabut (Whole), Chilke-waali (Seed-coat intact)
These seeds are popular in Maharashtra. The seeds are not listed as regular Mattar-Sukhae, because they are smaller than regular dried peas.

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COMMERCIAL USED LEGUME VARIETIES IN INDIA

Legume Varieties Used Commercial 

The plant belongs to the family Leguminosae (legume). The fruit of the plant is a pod containing seeds. These seeds are called Legume.

The seeds are  believed to be native to South Western Asia and Northern Syria. Archaeological evidence dates back the cultivation to  6,000 B.C. Seeds found in Egyptian tombs date back to 2400 B.C. During the Neolithic period, they spread to Greece and Bulgaria. During the Bronze Age, they spread to Near East and Mediterranean. The ancient Egyptians considered seeds to be essential to support life. The Greeks and Romans offered them to Gods during worship. Well known Roman families were named after these seeds; Fabius (fava bean), Lentulus (lentil), Piso (pea), and Cicero (chickpea).

Lentils are mentioned 4 times in the bible.  In the first chapter, Jacob gives a bowl of pottage to Esau who forsakes his birthright (Genesis 25: 30-34).

Legume definition

Legume are the dried seeds from a pod that develops from a simple carpel and opens up along its seams on two sides.  Common Legumes include Peanuts, Beans, Peas, Clover and Alfalfa. It should be noted that the seams of the peanuts do not automatically open up when dried. Lentils and Pulse are varieties of Legume.

Lentils

Lentils belong to legume family. The seeds are shaped like small flat round disks. They are available in a wide variety of colors; orange, black, green. The most common variety is Brown Lentil (Masoor).

Grams

This is left-over term from the British Raj. British called the unfamiliar Legume as Gram and  identified them by either the color seed-coat or the place of use.

Pulse

The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines  Pulse as an annual leguminous crops yielding from one to 12 seeds within the pod, harvested for the dry seeds. The definition excludes seeds that can used for extracting oil (Soya bean, Peanuts). According to this definition green peas and green beans are vegetable crops and not Pulse.  The definition also excludes seeds grown for the sole purpose of sowing such as Cloves and Alfalfa.  

Pulse in India 

India is the world's largest producer and consumer of Pulse. The consumption far exceeds the production. This gap is filled with imports from Canada, Myanmar, Australia and USA.

Pulse are normally hulled and split using a multi-step process. First, the seeds are cleaned of dirt and stones. Second, the surfaces is scratched for easier moisture absorption.  Third, the Pulse is soaked in a "water and vegetable  oil" mixture to soften the hull. Fourth, decorticating machines removes the hull. The Pulse may be split. Pulse may also be milled to make flour.

Normally, Pulse is cooked into a thick gray like soup, called Dal and served with Roti (Flat bread) or Rice.

Common Varieties

Desi chickpeas (Desi Chana, Bengal gram)

This the most common variety and is used to make from Dal to various types of snacks. The milled flour is called Besan. Besan is used to make sweets and batter for deep-frying.

Pigeon peas (Arhar, Tuar, Red or Yellow gram)

This almost always hulled and split. Castor oil may be used as a preservative. Red variety is Popular in central and southern India. Yellow variety is common in North India.

Black Matpe (Mah, Urad, Urd, Black gram)

This is popular in all forms, whole, split, as well milled. Punjabis make Buttery Dal from whole Pulse. In UP, hulled split Pulse is used to make Dal. In South India, Idli and Dosa are major dishes.

Mung beans (Moong)

This is popular in all forms, whole, split, as well milled. Popular in eastern India and Maharashtra.

Lentils (Masoor)

Consumed primarily in northern and eastern India.

Green peas

Primarily used to make Dal.

Yellow peas

Popular in Uttar Pradesh, eastern India (West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Assam), and southern India.

Garbanzo bean (Kabuli Chana)

This is the larger seed version of Desi Chana. Most popular in Punjab region.

Red Kidney beans (Rajma)

Most popular in Punjab region.

Black-eyed peas (Lobiya)

Consumed in most parts of the country

Nutrition

Legumes contain Protein, abundant Complex Carbohydrates (including soluble  fiber), and almost no fat. They also contain Calcium. Phosphorus, Niacin, Thiamin, Riboflavin, B6 vitamins, iron, and folic acid, The seed coat of Legumes  have eight flavonoids,  six of which are particularly strong antioxidants.

Soybeans

One cannot write about Legume without mentioning Soybeans. Soybeans is the most economically important commodity among Legumes alongside peanuts. The first recorded history dates back to 11th century, BC in Northeast China. Soybean has been a part of diet all over Asia. In 1851, Dr. Benjamin Franklin Edwards brought these seeds from Japan to United States that led to the success story as a commercial product around the world.
The soybean has the highest amount of protein than any other seed. The amino acids almost mimic those found in animal protein. It is an excellent source of iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, B vitamins and vitamin E .
Soybean is used to to extract oil, and make food items such as Soy milk, Tofu and Soy sauce,
In Indian Cuisine, whole soybean are cooked just like Red Kidney beans. The soy flour is added to Atta to make Roti. Ghee is being replaced with Soy oil for its omega 3, omega 6, omega 9 fatty acids and lecithin for cholesterol reduction. It also has phytosterols to fight cancers.


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