Handmade Papers Making
The social, intellectual and industrial progress of a modern society is interwoven with the usage of paer and paperboards. The global paper industry is capital intensive and resource based. Paper manufacture is one of the most energy intensive industrial processes. In India, total indigenous production of paper and paper products are 4.1 million tons in 1999-2000 by 380 paper mills. The current per capita consumption of paper in India is 3.8 kg. and is expected to more than double at 7.9 kg paper and paper products will increase at a rate of 5% at every phase of human development.
The hand made paper production is an age-old process in India. At present there are about 3260 units producing Rs 53456 Lacs of paper, board and paper fancy items by providing employment to 40000 persons. The usual paper making process in a mill is highly polluting. The black liquor generated by pulping, bleach and boiler emission are great problem for the paper industry, while hand made paper (HMP) making is based on a clean process with negligible or very litter pollution. Thus HMP industry is a sunrise industry with a remarkable increase of about 150% in annual production.
Handmade paper is a sheet of paper or board produced by hand. If the sheet is formed by
means of a cylinder mould and vat or on a fourdiner table, it cannot be called a handmade
paper even if the subsequent operations are carried out discontinuously. It should,
however, be noted that the Khadi and Village Industry Commission (KVIC) includes
paper and boards made in the cylinder mould machine (CMM) with a definite maximum
deckle width of up to 102 cm. The All India Khadi and Village Industries Board was
established in 1953 and it includes the handmade paper industry in its development
program. The above board later became the Khadi and Village Industries Commission
(KVIC), which further encouraged this industry through financial assistance and
technological assistance such as introducing new equipment, new techniques, developing
new varieties of paper, utilizing locally available diverse raw materials and helping
entrepreneurs in their marketing efforts. The handmade paper units also enjoy several
fiscal concessions and incentives such as central excise duty and sales tax exemptions in
some States (6). Due to the above supporting program of the KVIC the number of
handmade paper units grew from 35 in 1953 to more than 350 In 1993-94. In 1953, the
value of handmade paper production was hardly Rs. 500,000 but it was more in 1993
than Rs. 150 million. The employment potential of the handmade paper industry is large.
It employs 7,500 people of whom 50% are women. The total wage bill amounts to over
Rs. 42.5 million.
Paper Characteristics & Paper products
The range of paper and board products can be classified into types and grades: types relate to the paper or board machine design, and the grades are the function of the end use of the product and the choice of materials. The types, grades and uses of papers manufacture depending on its fibre characteristics such as strength and optical characteristics, processing methods and type of paper machines and their configuration. The types of paper or board can vary according to end- use. There are four distinct grades of paper and board.
Machine glazed (M.G.) paper and Board
This grade of paper or board is obtained by pressing the moist material firmly against the surface of a drying calender. The moist paper adheres to the cylinder surface until it is dry enough for separation.
Creped papers
The M.G. machine can be used to produce creped paper. This can be done with addition of a scraping blade, which removes the paper from the cylinder before it is dry enough for natural separation. The most important area of paper application are as writing paper, cards, boards etc. (Newsprint, coated printing & writing, un-coated printing & writing, tissue & sanitary, packaging & industries and boards etc.)
Improvement in Handmade Paper Making
For improvement in sheet formation of thinner grades of paper, the use of formation aids
should be taught to the papermakers. The formation aids could be either synthetic
chemicals or preferably vegetative mucilages. The vegetable mucilage controls the fibre
dispersion as well as the drainage rate. Mucilage of Cactus (Opiuntia belloni) has been
tested with good results.
In the present work various locally available plants materials such as the seed of the Ban
Tulsi seed, the wild variety of Bhindi (Ambrettie) etc. are identified and their efficacy on
various fibres is being graded. Ambrettie used with jute and rag fibres have shown very
good results. Similarly, the ban tulsi seed imparts good drainage characteristics. These
aids also improve fibre retention, hence the loss of fibre reduces by up to 50%. Research
is also being carried out on the treatment of the final effluent by water hyacinth and
natural polyelectrolytes. The possibility of reusing treated water is being studied so that
“Zero effluent Mill” status can be achieved.
Handmade Paper Training Institutes:
- Any of KVIC units in the region.
- Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute (KNHPI), Sanganer, Jaipur;
- Jamnalal Bajaj Central Research Institute (JBCRI) in 1955 in Wardha, Maharashtra
- Khadi Ashram, Ram Nagar, Karnal, Haryan
- Dr. Vatsala, MCRC, Turanani, Chennai
- Dr. H. Sudershan, VGKK, BR Hills, Chamraj Nagar (Distt.), Karnataka.
- Aurobindo Ashram, Auroville, Pondicherry.
- Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC), Chennai
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